Religious grievances rather than political and social discontent explain why rebellions broke out in England in both 1549 and 1554 Essay Example

Religious grievances rather than political and social discontent explain why rebellions broke out in England in both 1549 and 1554 Essay In 1549, two rebellions broke out in England, the Kets and the Western (Prayer Book) rebellion. There was no single cause of these rebellions. Religious, political and social factors all intertwined to create distress resulting in the rebellions. Religious policies initiated by Somerset continued to make their impact of the country. The prayer book rebellion was a catholic rebellion so religion was obviously important. The Kets rebellion was against rising rents, entry fines and over grazing of the common lands. This shows how social discontent may be the reason they broke out. In 1554, Wyatts rebellion broke out which publicly was against the Spanish marriage. However there were underlying religious factors as well. Source A only touches on religious reasons because the main causes of the rebellion were rising rents, entry fines and over grazing of the common lands. The debasing of the coinage led to the rising prices and social distress. It says We pray that all freeholders and copyholders may take the profits of all common lands and the Lords not to use the commons or take profits from the same. Lords using the commons led to overgrazing. This shows social discontent did help cause the rebellions. We will write a custom essay sample on Religious grievances rather than political and social discontent explain why rebellions broke out in England in both 1549 and 1554 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Religious grievances rather than political and social discontent explain why rebellions broke out in England in both 1549 and 1554 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Religious grievances rather than political and social discontent explain why rebellions broke out in England in both 1549 and 1554 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Kets rebels were against the enclosure of common lands but in East Anglia there had not been that much enclosure so it was just an excuse to rebel. Source A says that if priests and vicars were unable to preach the words of God then their parishioners should be able to choose another priest. This indicates they wanted to raise standards of the clergy so religious grievances was a factor in causing the Kets rebellion. However religion was not a main cause of the Kets rebellion. Kets rebels accepted the prayer book but would have liked it to be more radical so religious grievance wasnt important unlike in the Western. The Western rebellion resented the Prayer Book and was against the Edwardian reformation. They didnt like the fact the Prayer Book was written in English rather than Latin. They couldnt understand the London dialect. Source B says We will have the mass in Latin as before. Religious grievances rather than political and social discontent may explain the reasons for the Western rebellion breaking out but not all three of the rebellions. Source B also says how they want images in every church, dont want the new service and that Cardinal Pole should not only be freely pardoned but recalled from Rome. The rebels were of a lower class than the gentry and hated the government officials who were desecrating their churches. They wanted monastery lands to be restored. Even in the Western rebellion there was other factors leading to it but religion was very important. The economic and social distress was the reason the commons rebelled so readily against the Prayer Book. Source B only comments on religious factors but it was the clergy who drew up the rebels demands for the western rebellion so therefore are going to concentrate on the religious factors. In the year before the rebellions their had been a hot summer and crops had failed. Possibly 40% of the population lived on or below the poverty line. Things were made worse by price increases. The introduction of the sheep tax in Devon caused rioting because the commons couldnt afford to pay it. Source C says You ask for a relief (tax) granted to us by Parliament on cloth and shearing sheep to be remitted, saying we have no need for it. The king even recognises the dislike of it. The economic and social distress helped fuel the anger for the rebellions. There also was influence from political factors. There was intense unpopularity of the governments agent, William Body who was eventually killed of the 6th April. He was disliked as identified with the new religious policy so religious factors are important as well. The sources are only about the Kets and Western rebellion not Wyatts. The public aim of the Wyatts rebellion was to stop the Spanish marriage. However historian such as Fletcher and MacCulloch believe that religion was the reason why rebels wanted to stop Marys marriage. The rebellion was led by the reforming faction of Edwards reign which suggests religion was important. Wyatts couldnt use religious factors as the aim of the rebellion because this would split the country as some of the population was still Catholic. This would therefore limit his support. If Wyatts rebellion had been successful, Elizabeth would become Queen and she was Protestant anyway. Wyatts knew there was already wide-spread resentment of the Spanish marriage so used this to gain support. This indicates religious grievances do help explain why the Wyatts rebellion broke out. Some people thought the marriage was a political mistake as through the marriage she could give England away to a foreign empire. However the marriage treaty meant Philip had no power to rule England, he couldnt take Mary or their children out of the country without the consent of the council or drag England into Spanish wars. Also the nobility could resist the marriage to protect their own power and self-interest. Unlike the uprising in 1549, this was a political conspiracy among the elites and there was little popular support. The rebellion was led by Croft, Carew and Wyatt who all held important offices at court. They feared the Spanish influence would endanger their own careers. This shows political discontent helped to provoke the Wyatts rebellion. Overall, although religious grievances do help explain why rebellions broke out in 1549 and 1554, there are other important factors. Religious grievances were very important especially in the Kets and Wyatts rebellions but no single factor caused all the rebellions. Each rebellion started for different reasons. Poverty was worsening because of the debased coinage leading to inflation and price increases. This caused distress which help fuel the rebellions. Kets rebels accepted the pray book so religious grievances wasnt a main cause. The western rebellion resented the Prayer Book and was against the Edwardian reformation but the economic and social distress was the reason the commons rebelled so readily against the Prayer Book. For this rebellion religious grievances was an important factor in why it broke out but political and social discontent was also important. In Wyatts rebellion political discontent of the leaders, religion grievances and social discontent were all important for causing the rebellions. Religious, political and social factors all intertwined to create distress resulting in the rebellions.

Definition of Postzygotic Isolation in Evolution

Definition of Postzygotic Isolation in Evolution Speciation is the divergence of two or more lineages from a common ancestor. For speciation to occur, there must be some reproductive isolation that occurs between formerly reproducing members of the original ancestor species. While most of these reproductive isolations are prezygotic isolations, there are still some types of postzygotic isolation that leads to making sure the newly made species stay separate and do not converge back together. Before the postzygotic isolation can happen, there must be an offspring born from a male and female of two different species. This means there were no prezygotic isolations, like the fitting together of the sex organs or incompatibility of the gametes or differences in mating rituals or locations, that kept the species in reproductive isolation. Once the sperm and the egg fuse during fertilization in ​sexual reproduction, a diploid zygote is produced. The zygote then goes on to develop into the offspring that is born and hopefully will then become a viable adult. However, offspring of two different species (known as a hybrid) are not always viable. Sometimes they will self-abort before being born. Other times, they will be sickly or weak as they develop. Even if they make it to adulthood, a hybrid will most likely be unable to produce its offspring and therefore reinforce the concept that the two species are more suited to their environments as separate species as natural selection works on the hybrids. Below are the different types of postzygotic isolation mechanisms that reinforce the idea that the two species that created the hybrid are better off as separate species and should continue with evolution on their own paths. The Zygote Is Not Viable Even if the sperm and the egg from the two separate species can fuse during fertilization, that does not mean the zygote will survive. The incompatibilities of the gametes may be a product of the number of chromosomes each species has or how those gametes are formed during meiosis. A hybrid of two species that do not have compatible chromosomes in either shape, size, or number will often self-abort or not make it to full term. If the hybrid does manage to make it to birth, it often has at least one, and more likely multiple defects that keep it from becoming a healthy, functioning adult that can reproduce and pass down its genes to the next generation. Natural selection ensures that only the individuals with favorable adaptations survive long enough to reproduce. Therefore, if the hybrid form is not strong enough to survive long enough to reproduce, it reinforces the idea that the two species should stay separate. Adults of the Hybrid Species Are Not Viable If the hybrid can survive through the zygote and early life stages, it will become an adult. However, it does not mean that it will thrive once it reaches adulthood. Hybrids are often not suited for their environment the way a pure species would be. They may have trouble competing for resources such as food and shelter. Without the necessities of sustaining life, the adult would not be viable in its environment. Once again, this puts the hybrid at a distinct disadvantage evolution-wise, and natural selection steps in to correct the situation. Individuals that are not viable and not desirable will most likely not reproduce and pass down its genes to its offspring. This, again, reinforces the idea of speciation and keeping the lineages on the tree of life going in different directions. Adults of the Hybrid Species Are Not Fertile Even though hybrids are not prevalent for all species in nature, there are many hybrids out there that were viable zygotes and even viable adults. However, most animal hybrids are sterile at adulthood. Many of these hybrids have chromosome incompatibilities that make them sterile. So even though they survived development and are strong enough to make it to adulthood, they are not able to reproduce and pass down their genes to the next generation. Since, in nature, fitness is determined by the number of offspring an individual leaves behind and the genes are passed on, hybrids are usually considered unfit since they cannot pass down their genes. Most types of hybrids can only be made by the mating of two different species instead of two hybrids producing their own offspring of their species. For instance, a mule is a hybrid of a donkey and a horse. However, mules are sterile and cannot produce offspring, so the only way to make more mules is to mate more donkeys and horses.

Humanities through the arts - Architecture Essay

Humanities through the arts - Architecture - Essay Example JÃ ¸rn Oberg Utzon created the Sydney Opera House which is one of most recognizable buildings in the world. These men made architecture an art form. Gustave Eiffel’s most recognizable work is the Eiffel Tower. Eiffel created a skyscraper for the first time that did not religious meaning or a military purpose (Dupre 2001:16-17). The intricate patterns of iron work that make up the Eiffel Tower are constructed to hold up from the wind. The pattern is abstract with no significance except to be wind proof. This immense tower is dated 1889 (Dupre 2001:16). The measurement of the height is 968 ft, or 300 m. (Dupre 2001:16). This structure was at the time the tallest in the world. Eiffel created a true masterpiece. The Johnson Wax Administration Building and Research Tower was created for the Johnson and Son Corporation by Frank Lloyd Wright. Part of the building was finished in 1939, but construction continued until 1955 (Lipman 2003:111). This building only cost $750,000, which gave Wright a commission of $50,000 (Lipman 2003:142). The new building had ascetic curves along with practical spaces. All of the new amenities like air conditioning, elevators, and other conveniences were created for this wax company. The work space was directly above the rest rooms, break rooms, and lockers connected by a spiral stair (Lipman 2003:183). This building was modern architecture at its best. JÃ ¸rn Oberg Utzon designed the Sydney Opera House. This achievement in surreal architecture has given Utzon a placed on the world monument list. The wooden ceiling is suspended from the roof (Giedion 1967:680). Utzon used new surreal concepts and made them a reality. This created a building suitable for opera. The shells that are used on the Sydney Opera House allowed Utzon to come up with a unique structure. Although many of the spaces in the Sydney House are not functional, the building has been considered a masterpiece. These three structures are all famous. The Johnson Wax

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 35

Marketing - Assignment Example Each marketing manager can use these variables in a distinctive manner as per his desire or market requirement (Kotler, 2003). For example if Pepsi’s marketing mix is considered its product is a drink that is aimed at thirst need of humans, its pricing is quite affordable which varies with variety of SKUs (stock keeping units). Its place strategy is based on the  vast distribution network that is aimed at making Pepsi available in every other store, shop and majority of restaurants. The promotional strategy that Pepsi uses consists of variety of promotional tools such as advertising, public relations, sponsorships, personal selling, and sales promotion. Marketing environment is the environment in which any organization operates. There are variable forces inside and outside the organization that affects an organization’s performance. These factors can either be close to the organization which are referred as micro-environment factors or can be larger societal factors referred as macro-environment factors. Micro-environment includes an organization’s customers, competitors, distributors, suppliers where as the macro-environment factors include political, legal, social, technological forces that affect an organizations external operating environment. BCG matrix tends to categorize different products either in a portfolio or product line in terms of their market share and growth. There are four classifications in BCG matrix namely stars, cash cows, dogs and question marks. Stars are the ones that have high share and high growth such as Android or You Tube. Secondly, Cash cows are the ones that have high share but lo growth such as Google. Thirdly dogs are the ones with low share and low growth such as Orkut or Diet Coke. Lastly, Question marks are those that enjoy high growth but have low share such as Google

Constructive Critique on Public Speaking Essay Example for Free

Constructive Critique on Public Speaking Essay Dr. Pausch lost his battle with cancer, but his legacy lives on through his achievements and in the countless number of students who were fortunate to learn from such an extraordinary individual. Dr. Randy Pausch was a widely respected professor from the University of Carnegie Mellon. He co-founded the entertainment technology center in 1999 and he spearheaded the creation of the Alice Project, a program that aids in the learning of computer science academics. Dr. Pausch has received numerous accolades from his work and dedication to his students. He has appeared on many television shows like Good Morning America and the Oprah show. To this day people are still recounting the lessons learned from Dr. Pausch. In a recent video interview highlighted on the Oprah’s website, one lady stated what she thought was so meaningful to her about Dr. Pausch and his lectures as his amazing outlook on life and his appreciation for every aspect of his life. These qualities are witness in his 2008 lecture nicknamed the Last Lecture. Throughout the lecture Dr. Pausch showcased his ability to reach out to his audience. He and captured their imagination with his humor and enthusiasm despite begin diagnosed with cancer six months earlier. Because of the importance and popularity of this inspiring lecture I will provide a critique of Dr. Pausch ability to deliver his massage to his audience and analyze his public speaking mechanics. More specifically I will look at the way he keeps the audience engaged and what are the areas he could improve. Strengths noted: From the moment the lecture began I was hooked. Dr. Pausch did not waste any time keeping the audience engaged and keeping them marveling at the foundations of his strength despite his diagnosis. After the standing applause, Dr. Pausch told his listeners to â€Å"make me earn†. This mindset shows that he cares about the message that he was about to give and the message that the audience was about to receive. He also started his lecture with this question which I though was the glue to the seats. His question was fundamental in keeping them engaged and thinking. â€Å"If you had one last lecture to give to the world before you died what would it be?† From this point on, If this was Dr. Pausch last lecture I wanted the hear it. Thereafter, He gave a back story in the lecture which to thought was helpful to the audience member that did not know his circumstances. One of the tactic in his lecture that I though was the most important is he told the audience what he was not going to talked about. This eliminated all guessing and left no room for disappointment. I thought that I was public speaking brilliances. Pausch visual media kept the focus of the lecture and was very easy to follow and understand. It was clear, concise and to the point. He also has props. He voice was evenly tone and he spoke as if he was just engaging in a normal conversation. Additionally Dr. Pausch humor seemed to be naturel; he kept his audience laughing throughout the lecture which I think helped them to stay uninterested. Last but not less, I love that the lecture was not just a lecture to the audience but a lecture to his children. Knowing that he passed away made that lecture much more intimate and could be used as a blueprint for all parents to help their children achieve their dreams. Areas to improve: Connecting to the audience is definitely Dr. Pausch strong suit but sometimes he did get off topic a little bit. Because he is such a dynamic person I understand that it can be easy to get caught telling your person story rather than sticking to the topic. I noticed Dr. Pausch did get off topic a few times and told a few side bar stories but not too much that would have downgraded the lectures quality. Conclusion: I my introduction I highlight the accomplishment of DR. Pausch; the inspirational professor from Carnegie Mellon University. I was instructed to write a critique about his â€Å"last lecture;† that focused on the strength and the areas of improvement. In the strengths the most important aspect about the lecture is that Dr. Pausch keeps the audience entirely engaged throughout. Dr Pausch spoke for 72 min with the complete attention of his audience. In the strengths of my critique I was able to show this by highlighting the various tactics that were used. For example the question he asked in the beginning of the lecture was one tactic and his great sense of humor was another. Areas of improve were hard to find but the only time I found any in the lecture was when Dr. Pausch gets off topic a few times; other than that the lecture was flawless. Unfortunately we lost Dr. Pausch too soon but his lesson will live forever. Everyone can learn something from his willingness live life to the fullest no matter what god has in store for you. The one quote that stands out to me in the lecture is â€Å"you can’t change the cards we are dealt just how we play the hand† Bibliography http://www.cmu.edu/randyslecture/story/index.html http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Lessons-Learned-from-Randy-Pausch-Video http://www.etc.cmu.edu/site/

Exploration of Bondage in Middle Passage Essay -- essays research pape

Bondage can be defined as a state of subjection to a force, power, or influence or the state of being under the control of another person. Throughout the novel Middle Passage, written by Charles Johnson, bondage is a reoccurring theme. The characters in the novel are bonded physically, emotionally, or psychologically. Some characters are bonded and can not escape their bondage. Others choose to place themselves in the situations. Throughout the course of the novel, some of the characters gain their freedom and move forward with their lives. Other characters are never able to gain their freedom because their lives end in death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Within the first page of the book we are introduced to Rutherford Calhoun, an ex-slave. He has been recently freed and has chosen to settle down in New Orleans. According to Rutherford, â€Å"New Orleans wasn’t just home. It was heaven†(2). Rutherford is in search of living the life of what he envisions as a free man: happy and self-directed. However, Rutherford finds himself bonded to new things. As scholar Barbara Z. Thaden asserts, â€Å"Rutherford discovers that his freedom is only a different type of slavery† (254). Thaden also notes, Rutherford leads â€Å"a life of petty crime, drinking, womanizing, and running from commitment of any kind† (254). He becomes bonded to gambling, stealing, and debt. As scholar Ashraf H.A. Rushdy argues, â€Å"gaining his freedom has only trapped him further into the futile struggle to preserve and promote his individuality† (375).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In New Orleans, Rutherford becomes a petty thief. He says that he â€Å"looked for honest work† but â€Å"found nothing† so he stole (3). Rutherford also says that stealing was â€Å"a way to shake off stress and occupy his hands† (103). As scholar Ashraf H.A. Rushdy notes, â€Å"stealing, for Rutherford, is more than an occupation: it is a philosophy†(376). As a child, Reverend Peleg Chandler â€Å"[noticed] the stickiness of his fingers†(3). In order to gain access aboard the Republic, Rutherford steals Josiah Squibb’s paper and continues his habit of stealing throughout the voyage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rutherford also becomes bonded to gambling and as a result, ends up in debt. Rutherford would play card games â€Å"that lasted three days and nights†(7). Because he lost most of the card games he played and used what money he had to play card games, ... ...i were bonded to slavery. They had to give up their freedom to become bonded to the Republic as slaves. They were treated harshly and their only choice to escape their enslavement was mutiny. The Allmuseri were also bonded to their beliefs. Thaden illustrates that Johnson had â€Å"inscribed into the Allmuseri mindset many classical Buddhist beliefs†(255). The Allmuseri believed that the ship was condemned to death because they had allowed themselves to kill so many of the whites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As scholar Barbara Z. Thaden expresses, â€Å"Rutherford learns on his voyage that the more people escape the bonds of others, the more trapped they become in bondage to their own egos†(257). Johnson shows throughout the novel that no man is truly free of bonds and that freedom doesn’t exist without bondage. Rutherford gains a new idea of freedom as a result of his experience aboard the Republic while Falcon, bonded to his ego, never gains freedom because he takes his own life. As scholar Ashraf H.A. Rushdy suggests, â€Å"Rutherford learns that bonds and connections are a matter of surrender to another order of being, and are not simply determined by racial or biological destiny† (377).

Post Modern Society Essay

Social change is the central focus in most of the founding thinkers of sociology’s work. This social change is based on the conceptualization of history as an evolution. According to these sociologists, a modern society arises as a result of the inevitable consequence of the growth of knowledge and understanding especially in the field of science and rationality. However, there are no clear indications on when a society can be viewed as having moved from one stage of modernity to the next. A characteristic of the present society which is astonishing does not lie in its level of industrialization but on its level of integration across various cultures. (Holmes, Hughes & Julian 34) Social integration is a phenomenon that has received much popularity in the last decade. The entire human race has achieved a level of cultural cohesion that has not been realized before. The traditional cultural boundaries are slowly dissolving and a new universal culture is emerging. The differences in religion, color, ideology, tradition and perception are slowly merging. The society is adopting a general culture which is characterized by a uniformity in norms, values and beliefs. In all the six continents, there is a growing trend in information technology which perpetuates cultural diffusion. Today, individuals of diverse cultural background can easily interact through such mediums like the internet. Efficiency in the transport system has resulted in more people coming into contact with each other. However, it has been difficult to classify this current trend owing to its multifaceted nature. Such terms like modern, postmodern, global and cosmopolitan have been used frequently to describe this current trend. Even though all these terms may be used to describe some of its characteristics, in most cases, their use is normally interchanged. We may not be very far from the truth should we adopt to refer to the current human population as belonging to the same society and cultural orientation. In its actual definition, society can be termed as an interacting group of people with a common sense of identity and culture, living within a particular geographical region. Giddens 2)With this regard, I will consider the planet earth a geographical region. Sociologist have drawn together a number of elements that characterize a modern society. These elements are dominant in the contemporary world and they include the rise of science, the decline of religion, industrialization, mass communication, bureaucracy, division of labor, urbanization and an increasing comprehension of the various aspects of the human life. However, these characteristics fail to capture the complete picture this time. Bureaucracy was a 17th Century invention. Industrialization even though a characteristic of this society does not really distinguish it from the 18th Century ages and therefore cannot be a distinct factor in classifying this society. We also cannot say that we are experiencing the rise of science. We are actually in the midst of science. In other words, this society cannot be described by these elements that sociologists stated. Thus, we are living at a time of transition mainly characterized by a change of perception towards life. This change of perception is a universal element which has passed through every society consciously or unconsciously. The human society is living at the age of post modernism. (Hall and McGrew 13) In the present society, there is a general belief that no single universally agreed upon principle of belief and organization exists. Even though there is remarkable progress in science, there is a general position that it has failed to give explanation and control to various aspects of the society. Another characteristic of this time which is an element of post modernism is the fragmentation of academic disciplines. There is no single paradigm which explains the human condition in the society. Post modernism itself means different things to different thinkers. Being a relatively current theory of society, various sociologists remark that it is an attempt to falsify sociology’s founding father’s work. As a theory of society, its basic premise is that social history has progressed in a way that the founders of sociology did not conceptualize. The founders of sociology held the view that history may end with industrialization while actually it has progressed by it. However, this progress has led to confusion about the nature and the subsequent direction of the society. The founding fathers could not conceptualize the current system which is characterized by the rise of relativity and the decline of absolute truth. With an increase in interactions coupled with the breaking of cultural and social barriers, the present society has lost purpose and direction. Post modernity best describe this time because the society has developed an attitude in which there are no certain truths about the world. This has led to modification and subsequent incorporation of various ideologies across all cultures. With regard to art, there exists a universality in appreciation and expression across all cultures. Different artistic styles are coordinated and incorporated in a single element thereby building a unique cultural system which integrates different elements in various cultural practices into one. For instance, music is a blend of various tunes from different regions, the construction of buildings follow popular designs and more different races work towards the same goals. The society has moved from state characterized by industrialization and urbanization to a state of human integration and purpose. The representation of society through multifaceted and diverse cultures has made the world to be a powerful yet confused in its understanding of life. This is the society that we live in today. The concept of post modernity is a recent one which was introduced in the arts and architecture. Today, it has spread across the various aspects of life and is yet to be accepted as the general name for this period in the history of the human society. The development of the post modern society traces its roots on the historical processes of the great transformation and modernity. Its existence in our world today cannot be denied. The period which was marked by the processes of industrialization and the expansion of capitalism saw the beginning of an era of modernity. (Krieken, Habibis, Smith, Hutchins, Haralambos, & Holborn 65). This era continued through the last century and today, we are experiencing a change in the human society. The accumulation of the process of change has resulted into this period which can justifiably be termed post modernism. The society has evolved to the extent that new conceptions and structures are developing that are bound to replace the existing ones. As much as we may refer to it as global, cosmopolitan or multicultural society, one apparent thing is that it has evolved from the society that existed prior to the invention of advanced information technology. This can only be referred to as a post modern society.